Postharvest disease management principles and treatments. Chapter iv assessment of post harvest losses 107125 4. A study to formulate policy for loss reduction of fruits and vegetables and socioeconomic uplift of the stakeholders implemented jointly by fao and fpmu of the ministry of food and. For the pre harvest losses, generally animal pests insects, mites. July 2002 ii users feedback solicited the authors welcome suggestions for additions to this manual and for changes in the materials included in this edition and will include such changes in the next edition. Assessment of pre and post harvest losses in wheat and.
A wide variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens cause postharvest disease in fruits and vegetables. Rice from which husk, germs, bran layers have been substantially removed by lower machinery, also known as polished rice and if milled to high degree it is called as white rice. The grain is then not only worth less, but also becomes vulnerable to insects such as the rice moth corcyra cephalonica. The post harvest losses of tomato crop in peshawar valley. This paper examines the prospects for biological control of post harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables and. Data were collected randomly from sixty eight tomato growers in the area. In general, plowing after harvest removes stubble that serves as remaining food and shelter for pests, especially insects. Brown leaf spot fungus bipolaris oryzae this disease, previously called helminthosporium leaf spot, is common in texas. Post harvest operations page 2 sorghums have a structure which is broadly similar to that of other cereals figure 1. Pests and disease attacks, spillage, contamination. The following environmental impact categories are assessed. After harvest, be sure to clean the harvesting equipment to prevent the spread of infected plants. Post harvest losses of major crops a rice for rice, losses from harvesting to storage average at 14.
Most important reproduction and dissemination by abundantly produced spores infection through wounds or sometimes through intact fruit surface. A postharvest technology is a series of processes as a part of rice cultivation cycle referring to figure 1 and any handling techniques or treatments applied to the economic part of a crop just harvested from the field for the purposes of transforming it into a form, condition, or composition. Postharvest disease management principles and treatmentsjames e. Adaskaveg professor department of plant pathology university of california, riverside fungi eukaryotes. Accurate moisture measurement and timely drying of maize can greatly reduce aflatoxin concentrations and ultimately lead to safer, higher quality and more nutritious food. Post harvest handling post harvest management practices that reduce product loss to spoilage or shrinkage will reduce microbial risks. Spp e postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Many post harvest diseases are caused by wound pathogens, and the complete control of these agents is done through the use of an agent which grows rapidly and is environmental friendly. Some of these infect produce before harvest and then remain quiescent until conditions are more favourable for disease development after harvest. The study estimates yield losses due to pest and diseases in the crops viz. The application of chitosan in the control of postharvest.
The study estimates yield losses due to pest and diseases in the crops namely, rice and wheat. This is a very important operation in rice post harvest handling, which if not handled properly results in broken damaged grains and mixing with other. Among the major diseases, powdery mildew, dieback, anthracnose, bacterial canker, sooty mould, phorna blight. The post harvesting losses such as transportation, handling and rodents attack in case of stored grains was found to be negligible in case of both the crops. The first line of defense against insects and disease is good management during production. Some diseases can live on the stubble between seasons and infect a healthy planted crop. Temperature was the major factor in determining the post harvest performance of sweet pepper. Post harvest technology in the philippines susana g. Post harvest insect pests imago of fruit fly lay eggs when the fruits are. Limiting tomato residence time in dump tanks and flumes to less than 2 minutes, and minimizing. The major components of the grain are the pericarp outer covering, the testa between pericarp.
Post harvest or post production losses of rice occur both on farm and off farm levels. Most conspicuous symptoms of the disease occur on leaves and glumes of maturing plants. Post harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. In the case of rice, the loss in postharvest operations in the. The storage possibilities and problems associated with. Although control measures of these diseases have been worked out but due to mismanagement and negligence by the orchardists. The final product considered in this study is parboiled white rice. Rice grain is lost at every step from harvesting operations to consumption. Focusing on the great variety of research being done in the field of postharvest pathology, this volume presents a collection of topics concerning the diseases of harvested fruits and vegetables. Symptoms also appear on young seedlings and the panicle branches in older plants. Use of moisture meter on the postharvest loss reduction. Post harvest loss reduction of rice power standard % of.
Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and. Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables sciencedirect. Each chapter represents a separate unit which taken together create a better understanding of the whole subject. Ear rots caused by mycotoxinproducing fungi are more common when maize is stressed or growing poorly. Harvest losses occur between the beginning and completion of harvesting, and. Postharvest operations page 16 b longstalk cutting by sickle. The goal of the national rice development strategy nrds is to lay out a framework for significant increases in rice production in order to contribute to the improvement of food security and economic development in. World bank report estimated 710% of grain different types of cereals. Chairman highlights controls blue mould, green mould and sour rot the major post harvest diseases in citrus contains two modes of action, which strengthens the disease spectrum and manages resistance both active ingredients are approved as food additives with import tolerances set in japan, maximising export opportunities for growers. The damage of the fruit due to the larvae of fruit flies may continuing to the post harvest stages and in the storage. Hot water treatment controls disease that is the biggest problem of exporters.
Other pathogens infect produce during and after harvest through surface injuries. Post harvest handling and storage phhs of milled rice. Diseases of field crops and their management pdf book. Irri moisture meter the irri lowcost moisture meter is a decision making tool for postharvest operations that costs half of the price of a more advanced moisture tester. The present publication, a guide to postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables, is an outcome of the research project entitled postharvest loss assessment. However, some of these factors can be controlled by the producer and the government whilst others are beyond their control. There are many variations in sickle design, depending on the sociocultural acceptance of the harvesters. The profile covers almost all aspects of the marketing, such as post harvest management, marketing practices, quality. Rice diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation.
Post harvest losses of rice in nigeria and their ecological footprint from cultivation to distribution cradletoshelf approach. Select clean grains free from insect and disease damage. One of the commonly used agents in regulating post harvest diseases is a polysaccharide called chitosan. Outline of diseases of field crops and their management. Asian farmers plant 89 percent of the worlds harvested rice accounting for 91. The study was conducted in order to estimate the post harvest losses in tomato crop produced in peshawar valley during kharif 2006. The diseases which develop on harvested parts of the plants like seeds, fruits and also on vegetables are the postharvested diseases. Karnal bunt also known as partial bunt is a fungal disease of wheat, durum wheat, and triticale. Rice yellow mottle disease causes major epidemics and yield loss in lowland irrigated rice throughout. Initiatives, usaids postharvest handling and storage phhs project set out to integrate farmers into commercial marketing channels as a way of driving investment in post harvest technology and process improvements for staple crops, particularly maize, beans, and rice. The abovementioned loss or damage by decay and spoilage of seeds andor grains by storage fungi can be controlled by the following procedures. Many of the practices described so far in part i are valuable because they help reduce pest problems during postharvest handling, storage and marketing. Post harvest profile of wheat c o n t e n t s page no. Postharvest losses of rice and its implication on livelihood and.
Rice is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of between 1 and 1. Brown rice is rich in vitamins such as vitamins b1, b3, and b6, and minerals such as manganese, phosphorus, and iron. Postharvest handling and managemnet of rice sorghum bicolar. Total post harvest losses in wheat crop came out to be as low as 1. Trade development authority of pakistan report on post. For the pre harvest losses, generally animal pests insects. It requires from 80 to 180 labour hours to harvest one hectare of rice crop. Pre harvest losses occur before the process of harvesting begins, and may be due to insects, weeds, and rusts. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 3040 % in some rural areas. Current maize production, postharvest losses and the risk. The smut fungus tilletia indica, a basidiomycete, invades the kernels and obtains nutrients from the endosperm, leaving behind waste products with a disagreeable odor that makes bunted kernels too unpalatable for use in flour or pasta. This chapter discusses the various factors that affect the quality of potatoes during post harvest storage such as maturity stage of crop earlylate, intended use table stockprocessingseed, preharvest conditions of crop, harvest and handling conditions, health of the crop such as incidence of pests and diseases, biochemical changes, storage preparations and conditions, and management of. Ensure that grain saved for seed is healthy and free of pests and diseases.
255 421 420 1416 145 761 89 807 1273 167 471 1411 690 384 1203 202 638 1511 288 1064 951 1299 608 1173 344 319 998 1052 972 1326 618 1435 424 1317 326 163 122 643